Showing posts with label MANA. Show all posts
Showing posts with label MANA. Show all posts

MANA's "Best Evidence" Shows Homebirth is Unsafe


Families thinking about home birth are often told, either by their midwives or by the blogs and websites that advocate for home birth, that "Birth at home is as safe or safer than the hospital." It is not. Every study on American home birth has shown it to have a significantly higher death rate than the hospital.

"But what about the studies on MANA's website?" some ask. That's a good question. On their website, the Midwives Alliance of North America has a section called "Research" in which they have six subsections (A-F) of studies which they say prove the safety of home birth.

Leigh Fransen, former CPM, LM, and part-owner of a birth center and author of the blog Honest Midwife, has gone through and helpfully summarized all of these studies.

After she finally read all of these studies after years of practicing as a midwife, what the data showed shocked her and eventually led her to leave the profession:

"The hours I had spent combing over all of MANA’s best evidence led me to this conclusion: nonhospital birth might be as safe as hospital birth, but likely only in health systems in which midwives are hospital-trained and well-integrated, and where exclusion criteria are strictly observed to permit only the lowest risk women to proceed. Nonhospital birth in the United States as currently practiced is responsible for lower numbers of interventions (such as cesarean section and medical pain relief) but a substantially higher risk of death or injury to the baby. 

Unbelievably, our 'own' evidence, upon close inspection, was almost unanimously against us."

You can read Leigh's summaries of all of the studies from the MANA website here:

Doing My Research
Section I: Meta-analyses and Systematic Reviews
Section II: RCTs and Section III: Cohort and Population Based Studies
Section III: Cohort/Population Studies Continued
Section III: Cohort/Population Studies (Re-Continued)
Section IV: International Observational Studies
Section V: Descriptive Studies
The MANA Study
The Other Side
My Days as a Midwife Close

In her post The Best Evidence MANA Does Not Want You To See, she writes:

"In my paper High Risk, I reviewed all the literature that the Midwives Alliance of North America (MANA) claims forms the “best evidence” for the safety of home birth. I found that most of the studies were either not applicable to the United States, did not address issues of safety, or actually demonstrated the opposite of what MANA claimed.

If MANA’s cherry-picked data paints a not-so-happy picture, wait until you check out what happens when you look outside of what MANA wants you to see. The literature on nonhospital birth in the United States is downright frightening. Despite what many midwives claim, these studies look at midwife-attended births, not accidental or unattended home births.

If you have had a nonhospital birth like I have, it is natural and normal to feel defensive about the safety of it. After all, to accept that you put your child at a substantial and unnecessary risk doesn’t feel good, even if you know that you made your decision out of love and a genuine desire to make a gentle, safe choice for yourself and your child. Sometimes knowing the truth hurts. I have accepted that my baby was one of the many lucky ones; I invite you to consider joining me in that realization."

The Qualifications of US Home Birth Midwives

In trying to understand why the risks of home birth are so elevated compared to hospital birth, it's important to understand the "qualifications" of home birth midwives.

There are several different types of midwives in the United States and if you're not familiar with all of them their titles can sound similar and confusing. CNM, CPM, CM, DEM, LM...what's the difference? As Danielle Repp explains in her series "American Midwives": 

"There are two midwifery certifying bodies in the USA: American Midwifery Certification Board (AMCB) and North American Registry of Midwives (NARM). The AMCB is considered the Gold Standard for midwifery certification and is the certifying body for Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) and Certified Midwives (CMs); NARM is the certifying body for Certified Professional Midwives (CPMs). Licensed Midwives (LMs) also fall under NARM as it is the NARM entrance exam they take. Specific requirements for LMs may vary by state in order to take the exam."

"So in short, midwives in the USA basically fall into one of these three categories:
1. AMCB certified
2. NARM certified
3. Uncertified"

She continues:
 
"1. Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM)"

"Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) are some of the most highly skilled and educated midwives in the world. The Certified Nurse Midwife is one of the only types of midwives in the world that requires a nursing degree. The CNM also holds a master’s degree as the minimum level of educational requirement (some have doctoral degrees). CNMs must complete their education through an ACME-accredited midwifery program (ACME = Accreditation Commission for Midwifery Education). Once completed, they can apply to take the AMCB certification exam."

"Certified Nurse Midwives are licensed and have prescriptive authority in all 50 states (and other territories of the USA). The educational and clinical skills training of the CNM not only includes pregnancy and birth care but also primary care for women throughout life, reproduction, infertility, newborn care, andent of sexually transmitted diseases."

"2. Certified Midwife (CM)"

"The Certified Midwife (CM) credential has existed since 1994. The CM is the direct-entry version of the CNM. While CMs do not need to have a nursing degree, they must take all of the nursing school pre-requisites (such as anatomy, physiology, microbiology, etc) and must receive a bachelor’s degree and master’s degree. The CM’s educational and clinical skills training is similar to the CNMs, as it again not only includes pregnancy and birth care but also primary care for women throughout life, reproduction, infertility, newborn care, and management of sexually transmitted diseases."

"3. Certified Professional Midwife (CPM)"

"The Certified Professional Midwife credential ... was developed as a direct-entry route to become an out-of-hospital midwife. CPMs are not authorized to work in a hospital setting."

"Certified Professional Midwives do not have any degree requirements. The only educational requirement is to have a high school diploma, which was not a requirement until September 1, 2012."

"The Portfolio Evaluation Process (PEP) is a popular route to become a CPM. It is an apprenticeship where the student midwife follows and learns from a preceptor midwife. After attending 40 births (and the prenatal exams leading up to it), the student midwife can qualify to take the NARM exam. Anyone with a desire to become a midwife can seek out a preceptor. Half of CPMs have earned their credential through the PEP route."

"Another route to become a CPM is to graduate from a Midwifery Education Accreditation Council (MEAC) school. There are nine MEAC schools in the USA, some of which award certifications, some diplomas and some degrees."

"CPMs ...do not have prescriptive authority in any states (in certain states, CPMs are able to obtain certain medications, such as Pitocin, Cytotec, antibiotics, etc but CPMs cannot write prescriptions). CPMs also would not qualify to practice midwifery in other developed countries due to the lack of formal education requirements; the CPM requirements also do not meet the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) standards."

The above was all from Danielle Repp's series American Midwives, part 1, part 2, and part 3; emphasis mine.

Due to the variation in types of training accepted to become a CPM, some CPMs might have enough education to meet the ICM minimum standards. However, the CPM credential itself does not require it, and ACOG estimates that "possibly as many as two-thirds of CPMs do not meet the ICM standards."

I want to repeat - Certified Professional Midwives - the kind of midwives that attend the majority of the home births in the United States - do not have any educational requirements other than a high school degree. And if they became a CPM before 2012, they don't even need that. They don't need to take anatomy, or physiology, or immunology, or even basic college biology.

And do you know what's even worse? In some states, midwives do not have to have any qualifications at all to practice. None. The state where I spent my college years - Utah - has voluntary licensure, which means that if a midwife simply decides that she'd rather not be licensed by the state, she has no educational requirements, no limits on her scope of practice, and no accountability for her actions. This satirical website points out the weaknesses in such a system.

Here are a couple charts that explain the difference between the midwives who work at doctors offices and in hospitals (CNMs) and the majority of home birth midwives (CPMs, LMs, lay midwives, etc.):


via
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Now, if you think you'll be safe at home birth if you choose a CNM instead of a CPM, think again. Researchers in 2009 found that home birth with a CNM had twice as many babies die than hospital birth with a CNM. An even more recent study published in 2016 found that babies born to CNMs and CPMs at home birth died three to four times more often than babies born at the hospital, with no statistically significant difference between home births with CNMs or CPMs. Even if your midwife is a CNM instead of a CPM, you still won't be able to tell at home if your baby is being deprived of oxygen, you won't have an operating room if it becomes urgently needed, and you won't have a neonatal resuscitation team with all of the equipment that might be needed to save your baby.

More excellent articles that explain the disparity between US home birth midwives and US hospital midwives and the home birth midwives in other countries can be found here:

The hypothetical situations you can imagine when you think about home birth midwives' lack of education and regulation - like, "If I have an emergency during labor at home, will my midwife know what to do? Will she have the skills and training to save my baby?" - clearly actually happen at home, as we can see from the numbers. With home birth midwives, three times as many babies die. With home birth midwives, seventeen times as many babies have brain injuries. These are the numbers that result from the faulty regulation and extremely low educational requirements required of US home birth midwives.

Is Home Birth in the United States Safe?


One day, I decided to type the question "Is home birth safe?" into Google. I tried two variations - "Is home birth safe?" and "Is homebirth safe?"

In an excellent example of why we shouldn't trust everything we read on the internet, for both searches the "Google Answer Box" at the top of the page quoted an article by the Midwives Alliance of North America, which said: "In today's peer-reviewed Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, a landmark study confirms that among low-risk women, planned home births result in low rates of interventions without an increase in adverse outcomes for mothers and babies."

The problem? This is a lie. Every study done on planned, midwife-attended home birth in the United States - including the study quoted in the answer box - has found significantly increased rates of babies dying at home birth. 


The study quoted in the Google Answer Box, titled "Outcomes of Care for 16,924 Planned Home Births in the United States: The Midwives Alliance of North America Statistics Project, 2004 to 2009" and done by the Midwives Alliance of North America, found that the rate of newborn death at homebirth was 5.5 times higher than the newborn death rate at hospitals. 

And the worst part? The MANA study relied on voluntary, self-reported numbers from home birth midwives. With obvious personal interests in making the numbers look better, is is likely that many negative outcomes were not reported by midwives. In all likelihood, home birth has even worse outcomes than found by their study.

Here's a break down of the numbers from the MANA study: 

The CDC Wonder Database (an excellent, extremely accurate source of information) shows that for the years of the study (2004-2009), the neonatal death rate for babies born in the hospital to a comparable sample group was 0.38/1000. The "MANA Home Birth Data 2004-2009" for that same time period found that "The overall death rate from labor through six weeks was 2.06 per 1000 when higher risk women (i.e., those with breech babies or twins, those attempting VBAC, or those with preeclampsia or gestational diabetes) are included in the sample, and 1.61 per 1000 when only low risk women are included."

That overall death rate - 2.06 deaths per 1,000 - is 5.5 times higher than the comparable hospital death rate, 0.38 deaths per 1,000. The death rate found for only low-risk home births - 1.61/1000 - was still 4.2 times higher than the hospital death rate. 

The study done by MANA, which they claim shows home birth is safe, shows that 4 to 5.5 times more babies die at home birth than at the hospital. 

Home birth in the United States is not safe.
.